In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The core principle of Topic 842 is that a lessee should recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases. For operating leases, a lessee is required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in the statement of financial position. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Under current U.S. GAAP, the Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis for all operating leases, taking into account fixed accelerations, as well as reasonably assured renewal periods. The accounting applied by a lessor is largely unchanged from that applied under previous generally accepted accounting principles. This ASU is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlier application is permitted. In transition, lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this ASU will have on its financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01 Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. ASU 2017-01 provides a new framework for entities to determine whether a set of assets and activities (together referred to as “a set”) is a business. The amendments in the ASU will assist entities when they evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) either of businesses or of assets. This distinction is important since there are significant differences between the accounting for business combinations and the accounting for acquisitions of assets. Public business entities should apply the amendments to Topic 805 to annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. All other entities should apply the amendments to annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. As the Company is an emerging growth company, it has elected to defer implementation. The Company does not believe there will be a material impact to the consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU 2017-04 simplifies how all entities assess goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. As amended, the goodwill impairment test will consist of one step; comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. Public business entities that are SEC filers should adopt the amendments in this ASU for their annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. A public business entity that is not an SEC filer should adopt the amendments in this Update for its annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. All other entities, including not-for-profit entities, that are adopting the amendments in this Update should do so for their annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We do not anticipate the adoption of ASU 2017-04 will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13—Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 improves the effectiveness of disclosures about fair value measurements required under ASC 820. ASU 2018-13 is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted upon issuance of this Update. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of this Update and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this ASU has on its consolidated financial statements.

3. Reverse Merger

On February 27, 2018, Phunware entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, as amended (collectively, the “Merger Agreement”) with Stellar Acquisition III, Inc. (“Stellar”). On December 26, 2018, the Company consummated the transaction contemplated by the Merger Agreement (the “Reverse Merger and Recapitalization”). In connection with the closing of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, the registrant changed its name from Stellar Acquisition III, Inc. to Phunware, Inc. (“Successor”). Furthermore, the holders of Phunware’s preferred stock converted all of their issued and outstanding shares of preferred stock into shares of Phunware common stock at a conversion ratio of one share of common stock for each share of preferred stock (the “Preferred Stock Exchange”). Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization (the “Effective Time”): (i) all shares of Phunware common stock and preferred stock (the “Phunware Stock”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (after giving effect to the Preferred Stock Exchange) converted into the right to receive the Stockholder Merger Consideration (as defined below); (ii) each outstanding warrant to acquire shares of Phunware Stock was cancelled, retired and terminated in exchange for the right to receive from the Successor a new warrant for shares of Successor common stock with its price and number of shares equitably adjusted based on the conversion of the shares of Phunware Stock into the Stockholder Merger Consideration, but with terms otherwise the same as the Phunware warrant (each, a “Replacement Warrant”); and (iii) each outstanding option to acquire Phunware Stock (whether vested or unvested) was assumed by the Successor and automatically converted into an option to acquire shares of Successor common stock, with its price and number of shares equitably adjusted based on the conversion of the shares of Phunware Stock into the Stockholder Merger Consideration (each, an “Assumed Option”). The shares of Successor common stock and the Transferred Sponsor Warrants transferred to Phunware stockholders are collectively referred to as “Stockholder Merger Consideration”. The aggregate merger consideration paid pursuant to the Merger Agreement to Phunware stockholders amounted to approximately $301 million plus adjustments for cash on-hand as of the date of Closing. The merger consideration paid to Phunware stockholders was paid in the form of shares of Successor common stock. In addition, each holder of Phunware common and convertible preferred stock was entitled to elect to receive such holder’s pro rata share of up to an aggregate of 3,985,244 warrants (the “Transfer Sponsor Warrants”) to purchase shares of Successor common stock that are currently held by certain shareholders of Stellar. The Transfer Sponsor Warrants have the same terms as the Private Placement Warrants described in more detail in Note 8 below. The per share Merger Consideration paid to Phunware Stockholders was 0.459 shares of Successor stock for each share of Phunware Stock.

As consideration for the Transfer Sponsor Warrants transferred to Phunware shareholders, a promissory note was issued to the Sponsors (the “Transfer Sponsor Warrant Note”). The amount of the note was approximately $1,993, which represented $0.50 per warrant transferred to former stockholders of Phunware. The Transfer Sponsor Warrant Note bore no interest and was to mature on December 26, 2019. Shareholders of Phunware forfeited 187,188 shares to receive 3,985,244 Transfer Sponsor Warrants. On January 15, 2019, the Transfer Sponsor Warrant Note was waived and forgiven by the noteholders. 

The Company issued 2,211,572 Private Placement Warrants to the Sponsors as repayment in full for certain promissory notes (not the Transfer Sponsor Warrant Note) at the closing of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization.

In connection with the consummation of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, certain holders of shares of Stellar common stock sold in its initial public offering (“Public Shares”) exercised their right to redeem their Public Shares for cash. As a result of these redemptions, the cash proceeds to the Company as a result of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization was $0.4 million before transaction costs.

In addition, 6,000 shares for aggregate cash proceeds of $6.0 million from the Series A 8% convertible preferred stock financing (“Series A Financing”) were issued in conjunction with the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization. In connection with the Series A Financing, certain Stellar shareholders transferred an aggregate of 250,000 shares of Stellar common stock and 250,000 warrants to purchase shares of Stellar common stock to the Series A Financing investor, and 181,391 shares to certain service providers. See Note 7 for additional discussion on the Series A Financing.

The Sponsors are Astra Maritime Inc. and Dominium Investments Inc., affiliated with the Company’s Chairman of the board of directors and Magellan Investments Corp. and Firmus Investments Inc., affiliated with a member of our board of directors. 

4. Factoring Agreement

On June 15, 2016 the Company entered into a factoring agreement with CSNK Working Capital Finance Corp. (d/b/a Bay View Funding) (“Bay View”) whereby it sells select accounts receivable with recourse.

Under the terms of the agreement, Bay View may make advances to the Company of amounts representing up to 80% of the net amount of eligible accounts receivable. The factor facility was collateralized by a general security agreement over all the Company’s personal property and interests. Fees paid to Bay View for factored receivables are 1.80% for the first 30 days and 0.65% for every ten days thereafter, to a maximum of 90 days total outstanding. The Company bears the risk of credit loss on the receivables. These receivables are accounted for as a secured borrowing arrangement and not as a sale of financial assets.

Factor expense of $186 and $201 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 respectively, is recorded as interest expense in other expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The amount of factored receivables outstanding was $1,631 and $2,434 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. There was $1,369 and $566 available for future advances as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

5. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

The Company has operating office space leases in Austin, Texas; Newport Beach, California; San Diego, California; and Miami, Florida. Rent expense under operating leases totaled $165 and $152 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Future minimum annual lease payments under the Company’s operating leases are as follows:

Litigation

On September 26, 2017, we filed a breach of contract complaint against Uber Technologies, Inc. seeking approximately $3 million (plus interest) for unpaid invoices for advertising campaign services provided for Uber in the first quarter of 2017. The case, captioned Phunware, Inc. v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Case No. CGC-17-561546 was filed in the Superior Court of the State of California County of San Francisco. On November 13, 2017, Uber generally denied the allegations in our complaint and also filed a cross-complaint against us and Fetch — the advertising agency Uber retained to run its mobile advertising campaign for the period 2014 through the first quarter of 2017 (the “Fetch Campaign”), asserting numerous fraud and contract-based claims. All the claims stem from Uber’s assertion that Fetch and/or we (and/or other-as-yet-unidentified ad networks and publishers) are liable for the fraud-infested Fetch Campaign, under which Uber overpaid Fetch and mobile advertising providers due to fraudulent attribution for installments of the Uber application. Uber does not allege any specific dollar amount that it is seeking in damages against either of the named cross-defendants (Fetch and Phunware). We filed a motion to dismiss the cross-complaint, which was heard on February 7, 2018. The motion was granted in part and denied in part by the Court. On April 16, 2018, the action was designated complex, and the matter has been assigned for all purposes to Judge Wiss of the Superior Court of California, San Francisco County (Department 305). Uber and Fetch have reached an agreement in principle to settle Uber’s claims against Fetch on terms that have not been disclosed to Phunware at this time. The Court has set a trial date of August 12, 2019. The parties have exchanged documents in discovery and depositions are underway. We maintain that our claims against Uber are meritorious and that Uber’s claims against us are not. However, we make no predictions on the likelihood of success of prevailing on our contract action against Uber or on the likelihood of defeating Uber’s claims against us.

From time to time, the Company is and may become involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The outcomes of our legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to our operating results and cash flows for a particular reporting period. In addition, for the matters disclosed above that do not include an estimate of the amount of loss or range of losses, such an estimate is not possible, and we may be unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of non-monetary remedies.

6. PhunCoin

In June 2018, PhunCoin, Inc., the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, launched an offering pursuant to Rule 506(c) of Regulation D as promulgated under the Securities Act of rights (the “Rights”) to acquire PhunCoin (the “Token”).

PhunCoin, Inc. accepts payment in the form of cash and digital currencies for purchases of the Rights. PhunCoin, Inc. plans to sell between $10 million and $100 million of the Rights, which will entitle the Rights holders to receive between approximately 8 billion and 30.5 billion of PhunCoin. The amount of PhunCoin to be issued to the purchaser is equal to the dollar amount paid by the purchaser divided by the price of the PhunCoin at the time of issuance of the PhunCoin during the Token Generation Event (as defined below) before taking into consideration an applicable discount rate, which is based on the time of the purchase (early purchasers will receive a larger discount rate).

Since June 2018, the Company received cash proceeds from its Rights offering of $1,020, pursuant to which the holders of the Rights will receive an aggregate of approximately 484.5 million PhunCoin if the Token Generation Event occurs. The Company recorded proceeds from the Rights sale as current deferred revenue in its consolidated balance sheet.

The rights, privileges, and obligations of Rights holders are set forth as follows:

Issuance of PhunCoin Tokens

The PhunCoin is expected to be issued to Rights holders the earlier of (i) the launch of PhunCoin, Inc.’s blockchain technology enabled rewards marketplace and data exchange (“Token Generation Event”), (ii) one (1) year after the issuance of the Rights to the purchaser, or (iii) the date PhunCoin, Inc. determines that it has the ability to enforce resale restrictions with respect to PhunCoin pursuant to applicable federal securities laws. Proceeds from the Rights offering are generally not refundable if the Token Generation Event is not consummated; however, the Company believes PhunCoin, Inc. has a contractual obligation to use good faith efforts to issue a Token to Rights holders under the Token Rights Agreement.

The Company currently anticipates that PhunCoin will be issued to the holders of the Rights within one year after the Rights are acquired, which would be as early as June 2019 with respect to the earliest Rights sold, although we expect that the PhunCoin Ecosystem will not be operational until a later date. Holders of the Rights may be issued PhunCoin even if the Ecosystem is not yet operational. PhunCoin will have no usefulness until the PhunCoin Ecosystem is operational because PhunCoin is expected to only be useable on the PhunCoin Ecosystem.

There can be no assurance as to when (or if) the Company will be able to successfully launch the PhunCoin Ecosystem. The Company is currently developing multiple aspects of the PhunCoin Ecosystem and expects that a review (beta) period will likely conclude during the third quarter of 2019. The final software readiness date of the PhunCoin Ecosystem may be adjusted based on user feedback provided in the review (beta) period and thus a specific launch date is difficult to determine at this time, as it is based on many external factors outside of our control.

Termination of the Token Rights Agreement

Termination of the Token Rights Agreement occurs on the earlier of (i) PhunCoin being issued to the Rights holder pursuant to the provisions noted above, (ii) the payment, or setting aside of payment with respect to a dissolution event (as described below), or (iii) twelve months from the date of the Token Rights Agreement with the Rights holder, which PhunCoin, Inc. may extend at its sole discretion if a Token Generation Event has not occurred. Upon termination of the Token Rights Agreement, PhunCoin, Inc. has no further obligation to the Rights holder.

Dissolution Event

A dissolution event occurs if there has been (i) a voluntary termination of PhunCoin, Inc.’s operations, (ii) a general assignment for the benefit of PhunCoin, Inc.’s creditors, (iii) a change of U.S. laws that makes the use or issuance of PhunCoin or the Token Generation Event impractical or unfeasible, or (iv) any other liquidation, dissolution or winding up of PhunCoin, Inc.

In the event a dissolution event occurs prior to the termination of the Token Rights Agreement, if there are any remaining proceeds from the Rights offering that have not been utilized by PhunCoin, Inc.in its operations or for the development of the PhunCoin Ecosystem, such remaining proceeds would be distributed pro rata to purchasers in the Rights offering following any distributions to holders of PhunCoin, Inc.’s capital stock or debt, if any.

No Voting Rights or Profit Share

Rights holders (and eventual PhunCoin holders) have no voting rights and are not entitled to share in the profits or residual interest of Phunware, PhunCoin, Inc. or any subsidiaries of the Company.

7. Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

In connection to the consummation of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, Phunware issued 6,000 shares to a single investor for aggregate cash proceeds of $6.0 million from the Series A 8% convertible preferred stock financing (“Series A Financing”) with stated value of $1,000 per share. The Company deposited $5.5 million of the $6 million proceeds into a restricted escrow account in accordance with the securities purchase agreement entered into with the investor.

The shares are mandatorily redeemable in cash at the following schedule; (i) 104% of the aggregate value of three thousand (3,000) shares on the 30 day anniversary of the issuance; (ii) 104% of the aggregate value of two thousand five hundred (2,500) shares on the 60th anniversary of the original issue; and (iii) 104% of the aggregate value of five hundred (500) shares of the 90th anniversary of the original issue.

The Preferred Stock is also convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at the option of the holder at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustments for stock dividends, stock splits and other recapitalization type events and antidilutive events which would include subsequent issuances of equity or equity linked securities at prices more favorable than the conversion price of these preferred shares. Generally, the Preferred Stock does not have voting rights. Should the holder wish to convert, not later than two days after making the election, the Company shall deliver to the holder the number of conversion shares being acquired upon the conversion of the Preferred Stock. The holder did not convert any of the Series A convertible preferred stock prior to the redemption dates.

On the 30-day, 60-day, and 90-day anniversaries of the issuance, the holder redeemed an aggregate of 6,000 shares of the Series A convertible preferred stock for total proceeds of $6,240, representing $6,000 original issue price and $240 of dividends. Of the proceeds paid to the holder, $5.5 million was paid from the restricted cash account, and $740 from the Company’s operating account.

In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company the Preferred Stock would be entitled to receive assets ahead of the Company’s common stockholders. Total preferred stock authorized to be issued as of March 31, 2019 was 100,000,000, with a par value of $0.0001 per share. There were 0 and 6,000 shares of preferred stock outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

8. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

Total common stock authorized to be issued as of March 31, 2019 was 1,000,000,000, with a par value of $0.0001 per share. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were 38,363,792 and 27,294,164 shares outstanding, inclusive of 33,102 and 40,707 restricted shares subject to repurchase for unvested shares related to early option exercises under the Company’s stock equity plans, respectively.

During fiscal year 2018, the Company completed several closings of stock financings resulting in the issuance of 1,085,096 shares for aggregate cash proceeds of $9,565, net of issuance costs.

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company issued an aggregate of 11,016,681 shares of common stock related to various cash and cashless (net) exercises of warrants for common stock. Cash exercises for warrants for 617,296 shares of common stock resulted in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $6,184, of which $5,731 was received in cash, $92 was received in digital currencies, and $361 is recorded as a miscellaneous receivable in prepaid and other current assets due from the Company’s transfer agent for proceeds received on our behalf. The Company received these proceeds subsequent to the balance sheet date. Furthermore, there were 12,625,288 warrants exercised under cashless (net) provisions resulting in the issuance of 10,399,385 shares of common stock. See further discussion regarding details of the Company’s various warrants below.

Dividends

Dividends are paid on a when-and-if-declared basis. The Company has not declared any dividends through March 31, 2019.

Warrants

A summary of the Company’s warrant activity by warrant type is as follows: 

In 2012, the Company issued a warrant to purchase an aggregate of 14,866 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $5.54 per share to a banking institution with which the Company previously had a revolving line of credit. The term of the warrant is the earlier of (i) the tenth anniversary of the date of issuance, (ii) the closing of the initial registered public offering of the Company’s common stock, or (iii) the closing of an acquisition (as defined in the warrant) where the consideration consisting of cash or publicly traded securities payable in connection with the acquisition for each share is at least three (3) times the exercise price. The Reverse Merger and Acquisition did not trigger an expiration of the warrant pursuant to term (ii) or (iii) above. These warrants are fully vested.

In 2018, but prior to the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, the Company issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,085,059 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $9.22 per share. The term of the warrants is the earlier of (i) the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance, (ii) an acquisition, merger, or consolidation of the Company or a sale, lease or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of Phunware and its subsidiaries, except (a) any sale of stock for capital raising purposes, (b) purpose of changing the Company’s state of incorporation, and (c) where the shareholders of Phunware immediately before such transaction retain at least a majority of the voting power immediately following such transaction; or (iii) immediately prior to an initial public offering. The Reverse Merger and Acquisition did not trigger an expiration of the warrant pursuant to term (ii) or (iii) above. These warrants are fully vested.

The Company has common stock warrants trading under the Nasdaq ticker symbol PHUNW (the “Public Warrants”). Under the terms of the warrant agreement, the Company has agreed to use its best efforts to file a new registration statement under the Securities Act to register the shares of common stock underlying the Public Warrants, following the completion of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization. Each Public Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $11.50. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the Public Warrants. As of December 31, 2018, the Public Warrants were not exercisable; however, the Public Warrants became exercisable for cash 30 days after the completion of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization.  An effective registration statement was not on file with the SEC covering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants within 90 days from the consummation the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization. As a result, until such time as there is an effective registration statement and during any period when we have failed to maintain an effective registration statement, holders may exercise warrants on a cashless basis pursuant to an available exemption from registration under the Securities Act. The Public Warrants will expire five years after the completion of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

The Company also has Private Placement Warrants outstanding (the “Private Placement Warrants”). Each Private Placement Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of common stock at $11.50 per share. The Private Placement Warrants became exercisable 30 days after the completion of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization. The Private Placement Warrants are exercisable for cash (even if a registration statement covering the common stock issuable upon exercise of such warrants is not effective) or on a cashless basis, at the holder’s option and will not be redeemable in each case so long as they are still held by the initial purchasers or their affiliates.

Unit Purchase Option

The Company sold to the underwriters for its initial public offering in 2016 an option to purchase up to a total of 130,000 units, at an exercise price of $11.50 per unit. The units are comprised of one share of common stock and one warrant to purchase common stock. The unit purchase option may be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis, at the holder’s option, at any time during the period commencing on the closing of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization and terminating on the fifth anniversary of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization. The units issuable upon exercise of this option are identical to those offered in the Company’s initial public offering in 2016. The unit purchase option may be exercised for cash or on a “cashless” basis, at the holder’s option, such that the holder may use the appreciated value of the unit purchase option (the difference between the exercise prices of the unit purchase option and the underlying Warrants and the market price of the Units and underlying ordinary shares) to exercise the unit purchase option without the payment of cash.

PhunCoin Warrant

In 2018, the Company issued warrants to receive an aggregate of approximately 27.4 billion PhunCoins to sixty-eight (68) stockholders. Should the Company complete a Token Generation Event, the stockholders would receive their requisite amount of PhunCoin. The Company believes there is no traditional “exercise period” or ‘term” as with other typical embedded features, and the PhunCoin warrants were originally issued in conjunction with the Company’s Series F Preferred Stock financing. The PhunCoin warrants lack characteristics of financial instruments and derivatives. In addition, the PhunCoin warrants do not obligate the Company to achieve the Token Generation Event or launch and distribute the PhunCoins to the warrantholders.  Currently, there is no market for PhunCoin, and they do not exist. Accordingly, at the time of the issuance, the Company has determined there is no value assigned to the warrants of PhunCoin issued to the stockholders.

9. Stock-Based Compensation

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

In connection with the consummation of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”). The purposes of the 2018 Plan are to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, to provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants who perform services to the Company, and to promote the success of our business. These incentives are provided through the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares.

The number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan will also include an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year, equal to the lesser of: (i) 10% of the post-closing outstanding shares of common stock; (ii) 5% of the outstanding shares of common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year; or (iii) such other amount as our board of directors may determine.

In addition, the shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan also will include any shares of common stock subject to stock options, restricted stock units or similar awards granted under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”), that, on or after the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, are assumed in connection with the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full and shares of common stock issued pursuant to awards granted under the 2009 Plan that, on or after the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, are forfeited to or repurchased by us. As of March 31, 2019, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be added to the 2018 Plan pursuant to the foregoing equals 2,077,555.

As of March 31, 2019, no awards have been granted under the 2018 Plan. The 2018 Plan had 3,001,620 and 2,729,416 shares of common stock reserved for issuance as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Also, in connection with the consummation of the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2018 ESPP”). The 2018 ESPP will be administered by our board of directors or a committee appointed by the board (the “administrator”). The purpose of the 2018 ESPP is to provide eligible employees with an opportunity to purchase shares of our common stock through accumulated contributions. The 2018 ESPP permits participants to purchase shares of common stock through contributions (generally in the form of payroll deductions) of up to an amount of their eligible compensation determined by the administrator. Subject to certain other limitations or unless otherwise determined by the administrator, a participant may purchase a maximum of 2,000 shares of common stock during a purchase period. The offering periods under the 2018 ESPP will begin on such date as determined by the administrator and expire on the earliest to occur of (a) the completion of the purchase of shares on the last exercise date occurring within 27 months of the applicable enrollment date of the offering period on which the purchase right was granted, or (b) a shorter period established by the administrator prior to an enrollment date for all options to be granted on such enrollment date. Amounts deducted and accumulated by the participant are used to purchase shares of common stock on each exercise date. The purchase price of the shares will be determined by the administrator but in no event will be less than 85% of the lower of the fair market value of common stock on the enrollment date or on the exercise date. Participants may end their participation at any time during an offering period and will be paid their accrued contributions that have not yet been used to purchase shares of common stock. Participation ends automatically upon termination of employment with the Company.

The number of shares of common stock that may be made available for sale under the 2018 ESPP also includes an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year beginning for the fiscal year following the fiscal year in which the first enrollment date (if any) occurs equal to the lesser of (i) 3% of the expected post-closing outstanding shares of common stock; (ii) 1.5% of the outstanding shares of common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year; or such other amount as the administrator may determine.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company has not consummated an enrollment or offering period related to the 2018 ESPP. The 2018 ESPP had 1,228,237 shares of common stock available for sale and reserved for issuance as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

2009 Equity Incentive Plan

In 2009, the Company adopted its 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), which allowed for the granting of incentive and non-statutory stock options, as defined by the Internal Revenue Code, to employees, directors, and consultants. The exercise price of the options granted is generally equal to the value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant, as determined by the Company’s board of directors. The awards are exercisable and vest, generally over four years, in accordance with each option agreement. The term of each option is no more than ten years from the date of the grant. The Plan allows for options to be immediately exercisable, subject to the Company’s right of repurchase for unvested shares at the original exercise price. The total amount received in exchange for these shares has been included in accrued expenses on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and is reclassified to equity as the shares vest. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, 33,102 and 40,707 shares were unvested amounting to $30 and $34 in accrued expenses, respectively. Effective with the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, no additional grants will be made under the Plan.

Stock-Based Compensation

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity under the Plan and related information is as follows:

The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised was $7,128 and $16 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The total fair value of options vested was $45 and $124 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The fair value of stock options granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following table sets forth information relating to stock options granted:

The Company did not grant any options during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Compensation costs that have been included on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for all stock-based compensation arrangements are detailed as follows:

The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. Unrecognized stock comp expense was $456 and $475 as of March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

10. Domestic and Foreign Operations

Identifiable long-lived assets attributed to the United States and international geographies are based upon the country in which the asset is located or owned. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, all of the Company’s identifiable long-lived assets were in the United States. We derived over 99% of our net revenues from within the United States for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

11. Related-Party Transactions

As consideration for the Transfer Sponsor Warrants transferred to Phunware shareholders, a promissory note was issued to the Sponsors (the “Transfer Sponsor Warrant Note”). The amount of the note was approximately $1,993, which represented $0.50 per warrant transferred to former stockholders of Phunware. The Transfer Sponsor Warrant Note bears no interest. The Transfer Sponsor Warrants have an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The Transfer Sponsor Warrant Note shall mature on December 26, 2019. The Transfer Sponsor Warrant Note was waived and forgiven by the noteholders on January 15, 2019. 

With the Reverse Merger and Recapitalization, the Company assumed $255 in payables from Stellar for Nautilus Energy Management Corporation, an affiliate of two members of the Company’s board of directors. This balance remains outstanding and is recorded in accounts payable as of March 31, 2019.

12. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through May 15, 2019.

In 2019, our subsidiary, PhunCoin, Inc, commenced an offering of Rights pursuant to Regulation CF. On May 1, 2019, the Company closed the offering having raised $177, pursuant to which the holders of the Rights will receive an aggregate of approximately 88.7 million PhunCoin if the Token Generation Event occurs.

Through the date noted above, 1,350,033 warrants were exercised via cashless provisions that resulted in the issuance of 513,761 shares of common stock.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

References in this section to “we,” “us” or “the Company” refer to Phunware. References to “management” or “management team” refer to Phunware’s officers and directors.

The following discussion and analysis of Phunware’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with Phunware’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements presented in “Part I – Item 1. Financial Statements.” In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Phunware’s actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Report.

Certain figures, such as interest rates and other percentages, included in this section have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this section have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this section may vary slightly from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our consolidated financial statements or in the associated text. Certain other amounts that appear in this section may similarly not sum due to rounding.

Overview

Phunware, Inc. offers a fully integrated software platform that equips companies with the products, solutions and services necessary to engage, manage and monetize their mobile application portfolios globally at scale. Phunware’s Multiscreen as a Service (MaaS) platform provides the entire mobile lifecycle of applications, media and data in one login through one procurement relationship. Its offerings include:

Additionally, we plan to launch PhunCoin, a blockchain-powered token and ecosystem that enables consumers, brands and application developers to transact directly and create a value-based and voluntary data exchange.

We intend to continue investing for long-term growth. We have invested and expect to continue investing in expanding our ability to market, sell and provide our current and future products and services to clients globally. We also expect to continue investing in the development and improvement of new and existing products and services to address client needs. We currently do not expect to be profitable in the near future.

Key Business Metrics

Our management regularly monitors certain financial measures to track the progress of its business against internal goals and targets. We believe that the most important of these measures include backlog and deferred revenue and dollar-based revenue retention rate.

Backlog and Deferred Revenue. Backlog represents future amounts to be invoiced under our current agreements. At any point in the contract term, there can be amounts that we have not yet been contractually able to invoice. Until such time as these amounts are invoiced, they are not recorded in revenues, deferred revenue, accounts receivable or elsewhere in our consolidated financial statements, and are considered by us to be backlog. We expect backlog to fluctuate up or down from period to period for several reasons, including the timing and duration of customer contracts, varying billing cycles and the timing and duration of customer renewals.

In addition, our deferred revenue consists of amounts that have been invoiced but that have not yet been recognized as revenues as of the end of a reporting period. The majority of our deferred revenue balance consists of platform subscription revenues that are recognized ratably over the contractual period. Together, the sum of deferred revenue and backlog represents the total billed and unbilled contract value yet to be recognized in revenues, and provides visibility into future revenue streams.

The following table sets forth the backlog and deferred revenue:

Dollar-based Revenue Retention Rate, based on platform subscriptions and services revenue. Phunware calculated dollar-based revenue retention rate, based on platform subscriptions and services revenue, expressed as a percentage, by dividing total revenue in the current 12-month period from those customers who were customers during the prior 12-month period by total revenue from the customers in the prior 12-month period. Phunware believes that our ability to retain our customers and expand their use of our solutions over time is an indicator of the stability of our revenue base and the long-term value of our customer relationships. Our revenue retention rate provides insight into the impact on current period revenue of the number of new customers acquired during the prior 12-month period, the timing of our implementation of those new customers, growth in the usage of our solutions by our existing customers and customer attrition. If our revenue retention rate for a period exceeds 100%, this means that the revenue retained during the period including expansion and upsells more than offset the revenue that we lost from customers that did not renew their contracts during the period. Our revenue retention rate may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including customers’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our platform, pricing, economic conditions or overall reductions in our customers’ spending levels.

The following table sets forth the dollar-based revenue retention rates:

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. Management uses these measures (i) to compare operating performance on a consistent basis, (ii) to calculate incentive compensation for its employees, (iii) for planning purposes including the preparation of its internal annual operating budget, and (iv) to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of operational strategies. Accordingly, we believe that these measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating performance in the same manner as management.

For more information about Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), to Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA, see the section titled “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

The following tables present a reconciliation of Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA to gross profit and net loss, the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP:

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. They are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to revenue or net income (loss), as applicable, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other businesses. Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our operating results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations include:

We compensate for these limitations to Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA by relying primarily on its GAAP results and using Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA only for supplemental purposes. Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Adjusted EBITDA include adjustments for items that may not occur in future periods. However, we believe these adjustments are appropriate because the amounts recognized can vary significantly from period to period, do not directly relate to the ongoing operations of our business and complicate comparisons of our internal operating results and operating results of other peer companies over time. For example, it is useful to exclude non-cash, stock-based compensation expenses because the amount of such expenses in any specific period may not directly correlate to the underlying performance of our business operations and these expenses can vary significantly across periods due to timing of new stock-based awards. We may also exclude certain discrete, unusual, one-time, or non-cash costs, including transaction costs and the income tax impact of adjustments in order to facilitate a more useful period-over-period comparison of our financial performance. Each of the normal recurring adjustments and other adjustments described in this paragraph help management with a measure of our operating performance over time by removing items that are not related to day-to-day operations or are non-cash expenses.

Components of Results of Operations

There are a number of factors that impact the revenue and margin profile of the services and technology offerings we provide, including, but not limited to, solution and technology complexity, technical expertise requiring the combination of products and types of services provided, as well as other elements that may be specific to a particular client solution.

Revenue and Gross Profit

Platform Subscriptions and Services Revenue. Subscription revenue is derived from software license fees, which comprise subscription fees from customers licensing the Company’s Software Development Kits (SDKs), which includes accessing the MaaS platform and/or MaaS platform data; application development service revenue from the development of customer applications, or apps, which are built and delivered to customers; and support fees. The Company’s contract terms generally range from 6 to 60 months, and are non-cancelable, though customers typically have the right to terminate their contracts for cause if the Company materially fails to perform.

Subscription revenue from SDK licenses gives the customer the right to access the Company’s MaaS platform. Application development revenue is derived from development services around designing and building new applications or enhancing existing applications. Support revenue comprises of support and maintenance fees of customer applications, software updates, and technical support for application development services for a support term.

From time to time, the Company also provides professional services by outsourcing employees’ time and materials to customers.

Platform subscriptions and services gross profit is equal to subscriptions and services revenue less the cost of personnel and related costs for our support and professional services employees, external consultants, stock-based compensation and allocated overhead. Costs associated with our development and project management teams are generally recognized as incurred. Costs directly attributable to the development or support of applications relating to platform subscription customers are included in cost of sales, whereas costs related to the ongoing development and maintenance of Phunware’s MaaS platform are expensed in research and development. As a result, platform subscriptions and services gross profit may fluctuate from period to period.

Application Transaction Revenue. We also generate revenue by charging advertisers to deliver advertisements (ads) to users of mobile connected devices. Depending on the specific terms of each advertising contract, we generally recognize revenue based on the activity of mobile users viewing these ads. Fees from advertisers are commonly based on the number of ads delivered or views, clicks, or actions by users on mobile advertisements delivered, and we recognize revenue at the time the user views, clicks, or otherwise acts on the ad. We sell ads through several offerings: cost per thousand impressions, cost per click, and cost per action. In addition, we generate application transaction revenue thru in-app purchases from application on our platform.

Application transaction gross profit is equal to application transaction revenue less cost of revenue associated with application transactions. Application transaction gross profit is impacted by the cost of direct premium, performance and network cost as well as based on the activity of mobile users viewing ads and marketing engagements through mobile applications. As a result, our application transaction gross profit may fluctuate from period to period due to variable activity of mobile users.

Gross Margin

Gross margin measures gross profit as a percentage of revenue. Gross margin is generally impacted by the same factors that affect changes in the mix of subscriptions and services and application transactions.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses include sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses and amortization of acquired intangible assets.

Sales and Marketing Expense. Sales and marketing expense is comprised of compensation, commission expense, variable incentive pay and benefits related to sales personnel, along with travel expenses, other employee related costs, including share based compensation and expenses related to marketing programs and promotional activities. We immediately expense sales commissions related to acquiring new customers and expansion or upsells from existing customers.

General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense is comprised of compensation and benefits of administrative personnel, including variable incentive pay and share-based compensation, bad debt expenses and other administrative costs such as facilities expenses, professional fees and travel expenses. We expect to incur additional general and administrative expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and listing standards of Nasdaq, additional insurance expenses, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services. We also expect to increase the size of our general and administrative function to support the growth of our business. As a result, we expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars but may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period.

Research and Development Expense. Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation costs and overhead allocation. We believe that continued investment in our platform is important for our growth. We expect our research and development expenses will increase as our business grows.

Interest and Other Expense 

Interest expense and other income (expense) include interest expense associated with our factoring financing arrangement. We also may seek to finance strategic acquisitions in the future with the proceeds from additional debt incurrences, which may have an impact on our interest expense.

Income Tax Benefit

We are subject to U.S. federal income taxes, state income taxes net of federal income tax effect and nondeductible expenses. Our effective tax rate will vary depending on permanent non-deductible expenses and other factors.

Results of Operations (In thousands, except per share information)

The following tables set forth our consolidated financial data in dollar amounts and as a percentage of total revenue.

Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018

Revenue

Total revenue increased $0.3 million, or 6.7%, in the quarter ended March 31, 2019 compared to the corresponding period in 2018. Platform subscriptions and services revenue increased $0.8 million, or 20.4%, primarily driven by the fulfillment of contracts related to new customers. Application transaction revenue decreased $0.5 million, or 49.4%, due to decreased or ceased advertising campaigns.

Revenue from Fox Networks Group was 63% compared to 66% of total revenue for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Revenue from Houston Methodist was 13% of total revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2019. There were no other customers that accounted for more than 10% of total revenue for the respective periods.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Total gross profit increased $0.6 million, or 27.7%, in the quarter ended March 31, 2019 compared to the corresponding period of 2018 primarily attributable to lower costs associated with the development and support of the Company’s platform subscriptions and services. In the first half of 2018, the Company centralized its media purchasing team which resulted in higher application transaction margins year over year.

Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expense decreased $1.2 million, or (62.3%) for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 compared to the corresponding period of 2018 primarily due to $0.8 million of reduced employee compensation costs due to lower headcount. The other $0.4 million reduction is due to decreases in travel and entertainment, contract labor and marketing related activities.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expense decreased $0.5 million, or (11.4%), for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 compared to the corresponding period of 2018 primarily due to reduced employee compensation costs due to lower headcount.

Research and Development

Research and development expense decreased $1.0 million, or (43.1%) for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 compared to the corresponding period of 2018 as a result of $0.9 million decreased employee compensation costs due to lower headcount.

Other expense

Other expense decreased $386 thousand for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 compared to the corresponding period of 2018 primarily due to expenses related to the fair value adjustment for digital currencies. As of March 31, 2019, the Company did not hold any digital currencies.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

Operating Activities

The primary source of cash from operating activities is receipts from the sale of platform subscriptions and services and application transactions to customers. The primary uses of cash from operating activities are payments to employees for compensation and related expenses, publishers and other vendors for the purchase of digital media inventory and related costs, sales and marketing expenses and general operating expenses.

The Company utilized $4.1 million of cash from operating activities during the quarter ending March 31, 2019, primarily resulting from a net loss of $3.5 million, as adjusted $0.1 million for depreciation and amortization, allowance for doubtful receivables and stock-based compensation. In addition, certain changes in our operating assets and liabilities resulted in significant cash increases (decreases) as follows: ($1.4) million from a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, $0.9 million from an increase in accounts receivable, ($0.2) million from a decrease in deferred revenue. 

The Company utilized $3.3 million of cash from operating activities during the quarter ending March 31, 2018, primarily resulting from a net loss of $7.2 million, as adjusted for non-cash charges related to the impairment of digital currencies of $0.3 million, and other non-cash items of $0.3 million. In addition, certain changes in our operating assets and liabilities resulted in significant cash increases (decreases) as follows: $1.7 million from an increase in accounts payable, $1.6 million from an increase in accounts receivable, $0.6 million from an increase in deferred revenue, and ($0.6) million from a decrease of prepaid and other accrued expenses.

Investing Activities

Investing activities for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 consisted of the sale of digital currencies received for warrant exercises. Investing activities for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 consisted of an issuance of a note receivable.

Financing Activities

Financing activities during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 consisted primarily of the proceeds from warrant exercises, and utilizations of the Company’s financing factoring agreement, as well as redemptions and dividends of the Series A convertible preferred stock. The Company utilized $1.3 million of cash from financing activities, primarily as follows: ($6.2) million from redemptions and dividend payments of Series A convertible preferred stock, ($0.8) million of net proceeds from the Company’s factoring financing agreement; offset by $5.7 million provided by warrant exercises.

Financing activities during the quarter ended March 31, 2018 consist primarily of the proceeds from common stock subscriptions and the Company’s financing factoring agreement. The Company acquired $3.4 million of cash from financing activities, primarily as follows: $2.6 million provided by common stock subscriptions, and $0.8 million provided by net proceeds from the Company’s factoring financing agreement.

The Company has a history of operating losses and negative operating cash flows. Although the Company continues to focus on growing its revenues, it expects these trends to continue into the foreseeable future. We will be required to raise additional capital through debt or equity financings or reduce operating expenses. Despite a history of successfully implementing similar plans to alleviate the adverse financial conditions, these sources of working capital are not currently assured. There can be no assurance that we will be able to consummate such financings on favorable terms or at all. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a “going concern”.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods ended March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K, such as the use of unconsolidated subsidiaries, structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities.

Indemnification Agreements

In the ordinary course of business, the Company provides indemnifications of varying scope and terms to customers, vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements, solutions to be provided by the Company or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with directors and certain officers and employees that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies” in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for analysis of recent accounting pronouncements that are applicable to our business. 

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

With the exception of changes described within Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies” due to the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 20, 2019 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Not applicable

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (together, the “Certifying Officers”), we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on the foregoing, our Certifying Officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Report.

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.  Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Certifying Officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the quarter covered by this Report on Form 10-Q, we implemented new controls which enabled us to prepare our financial statements under ASC 606 on a modified retrospective basis effective for us on January 1, 2019. There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

On September 26, 2017, we filed a breach of contract complaint against Uber Technologies, Inc. seeking approximately $3 million (plus interest) for unpaid invoices for advertising campaign services provided for Uber in the first quarter of 2017. The case, captioned Phunware, Inc. v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Case No. CGC-17-561546 was filed in the Superior Court of the State of California County of San Francisco. On November 13, 2017, Uber generally denied the allegations in our complaint and also filed a cross-complaint against us and Fetch — the advertising agency Uber retained to run its mobile advertising campaign for the period 2014 through the first quarter of 2017 (the “Fetch Campaign”), asserting numerous fraud and contract-based claims. All the claims stem from Uber’s assertion that Fetch and/or we (and/or other-as-yet-unidentified ad networks and publishers) are liable for the fraud-infested Fetch Campaign, under which Uber overpaid Fetch and mobile advertising providers due to fraudulent attribution for installments of the Uber application. Uber does not allege any specific dollar amount that it is seeking in damages against either of the named cross-defendants (Fetch and Phunware). We filed a motion to dismiss the cross-complaint, which was heard on February 7, 2018. The motion was granted in part and denied in part by the Court. On April 16, 2018, the action was designated complex, and the matter has been assigned for all purposes to Judge Wiss of the Superior Court of California, San Francisco County (Department 305). Uber and Fetch have reached an agreement in principle to settle Uber’s claims against Fetch on terms that have not been disclosed to Phunware at this time. The Court has set a trial date of August 12, 2019. The parties have exchanged documents in discovery and depositions are underway. We maintain that our claims against Uber are meritorious and that Uber’s claims against us are not. However, we make no predictions on the likelihood of success of prevailing on our contract action against Uber or on the likelihood of defeating Uber’s claims against us.

From time to time, the Company is and may become involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The outcomes of our legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to our operating results and cash flows for a particular reporting period. In addition, for the matters disclosed above that do not include an estimate of the amount of loss or range of losses, such an estimate is not possible, and we may be unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of non-monetary remedies.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Important risk factors that could affect our operations and financial performance, or that could cause results or events to differ from current expectations, are described in “Part I, Item 1A — Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 20, 2019 for the year ended December 31, 2018, as supplemented by the information set forth below. An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. The risks and uncertainties described below and within our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business or results of operations.

Our financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles applicable to us.

U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC, and other various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. For example, in May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. (“ASU”) No. 2014-09 (Topic 606), Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP. We implemented this guidance in the first quarter of our fiscal year 2019. The most significant impact relates to our accounting for subscriptions to our MaaS licenses and application development services, which may potentially make revenue more volatile and difficult to predict. In addition, accounting for commissions is impacted significantly as we have to capitalize and amortize most commissions under the new standard instead of expensing commissions as incurred. Due to the complexity of certain of our contracts, the revenue recognition treatment required under the new standard is dependent on contract-specific terms.

To adopt the new standards, we may have to implement a new modules in our accounting system, hire consultants and increase our spending on audit fees, thereby increasing our general and administrative expense. Increased spending related to the new revenue standard will continue through at least the first half of 2019 and will likely increase our audit fees on an ongoing basis thereafter. Any difficulties in implementing changes in accounting pronouncements or adequately accounting after adoption could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us.

We may experience quarterly fluctuations in our operating results due to a number of factors, which makes our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations.

Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and we expect them to fluctuate in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, our past results may not be indicative of our future performance and comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. In addition to the other risks described herein, factors that may affect our quarterly operating results include:

We intend to raise capital through exercises of our warrants by registering the warrants and common shares underlying those warrants; however, there are no guarantees that that warrant holders will exercise, warrant holders will exercise in cash, the effectiveness of the registration statement will be timely or occur at all. The Company may further elect to redeem the Public Warrants.

The Company had 1,761,291 common stock warrants (the “Public Warrants”) outstanding and trading under the Nasdaq ticker symbol PHUNW as of the date of this Report. Under the terms of the warrant agreement, the Company has agreed to use its best efforts to file a new registration statement under the Securities Act to register the shares of common stock underlying the Public Warrants, following the completion of the Business Combination. Each Public Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $11.50. The Public Warrants became exercisable for cash 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination. However, if any such registration statement has not been declared effective by the 90th day following the closing of the Business Combination, holders of the Public Warrants shall have the right, during the period beginning on the 91st day after the closing of the Business Combination and ending upon such registration statement being declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission, and during any other period when the Company shall fail to have maintained an effective registration statement covering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants, the holders may exercise their Public Warrants on a cashless basis pursuant to an available exemption from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. If an exemption from registration is not available, holders will not be able to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis.

The Company was unable to obtain an effective registration statement covering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants within 90 days from the consummation the Business Combination. As a result, until such time as there is an effective registration statement and during any period when we have failed to maintain an effective registration statement, holders may exercise warrants on a cashless basis pursuant to an available exemption from registration under the Securities Act. As of the date of this Report, 5,139,319 Public Warrants have been exercised on a cashless basis that resulted in the issuance of 2,951,741 shares. Once the Public Warrants become exercisable  and provided that there is an effective registration statement covering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants, the Company may redeem the outstanding Public Warrants in whole and not in part at a price of $0.01 per Public Warrant upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption, only in the event that the last sale price of the Company’s shares of common stock equals or exceeds $21.00 per share for any 20 trading days within the 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the Public Warrant holders.

The remainder our warrants are currently exercisable with cash or on a cashless basis.

We intend to raise capital to fund a Token Generation Event, pursuant to a Rule 506(c) of Regulation D offering by our wholly-owned subsidiary, PhunCoin, Inc. (“PhunCoin Sub”) of rights to receive future PhunCoin. There can be no assurance that the PhunCoin will ever be issued and, any significant difficulties we and PhunCoin Sub may experience with the offering could result in claims against us, and the Token Generation Event and PhunCoin will subject us to various other business and regularity uncertainties.

Pursuant to the agreement and plan of merger, dated as of February 27, 2018 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”) among Stellar, Phunware and certain other parties, as amended by the first amendment to the Merger Agreement dated as of November 1, 2018, we have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to raise between $10 million and $100 million through a PhunCoin offering. In accordance with that obligation, in June 2018, PhunCoin Sub launched an offering to raise capital by offering investors the right to acquire PhunCoin pursuant to Rule 506(c) of Regulation D as promulgated under the Securities Act. As of May 10, 2019, $1.02 million has been raised in the rights offering. We will use our commercially reasonable efforts to develop and issue PhunCoin, but there is no assurance that it will do so. If the Token Generation Event, defined as the launch of the PhunCoin Ecosystem, is not consummated or the rights offering does not result in substantial proceeds, it could have a material adverse effect on our cash position. If the Token Generation Event is not consummated, we would have to reduce our planned expenditures and/or would require additional funding from other sources in order to carry out our business plan. Also, any significant difficulties we may experience with the Token Generation Event or the development of the PhunCoin could result in claims against us and could have a material adverse effect on the holders of our common stock.

We have a concentration of sales with key customers and any substantial reduction in sales to these customers would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Revenue from Fox Networks Group  (“Fox”) was 63% compared to 66% of total revenue for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Revenue from Houston Methodist was 13% of total revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2019. Fox and Houston Methodist are currently of key importance to our business, and our results of operations would be materially adversely affected if these relationships ceased or were reduced in any material respect. We cannot guarantee that the volume of sales will remain consistent going forward. Any substantial change in traffic or purchasing decisions by these customers, whether due to actions by our competitors, industry factors or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The price of our common stock and warrants has been, and may continue to be, volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Technology stocks have historically experienced high levels of volatility. The trading price and volume of our common stock and warrants has fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate, substantially due to a variety of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section and within our Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 20, 2019 for year ended December 31, 2018, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock.

In addition, if the market for technology stocks or the stock market in general experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock and/or warrants could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, results of operations or financial condition. The trading price of our common stock and warrants might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. In the past, following periods of volatility in the trading price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. If our stock price is volatile, we may become the target of securities litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources from our business. This could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Specifically, while we cannot state with certainty what circumstances and factors are causing volatility in our stock price, such volatility may be attributable in part to the following factors:

As a result of the offering covered by our registration statement filed with the SEC on May 3, 2019, the number of shares of common stock that are in the public float may increase due to shares issued upon the exercise of outstanding warrants that would be in the hands of stockholders who are not subject to lock-ups and have registered shares. This may result in a larger public market for our shares, and may normalize the trading price and reduce volatility in the stock price.

The recent volatility of the price of our stock may be attributable, in part, to the recent issuances of shares of common stock upon the cashless exercise of public warrants, which became unrestricted 91 days after the closing of the business combination.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

The following list sets forth information as to all Phunware and our securities sold which were not registered under the Securities Act.

Plan-Related Issuances

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we issued 50,772 shares of common stock pursuant to the exercise of options previously granted under the Company’s 2009 Equity Incentive Plan.  The exercise prices of the options ranged from $0.4357 to $2.3094 per share, after giving effect to the Business Combination’s exchange ratio of 0.459. Aggregate consideration to the Company for the options exercised over this period totaled approximately $24 thousand.

None of the foregoing transactions involved any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering. The Registrant believes these transactions were exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance upon Section 4(2) of the Securities Act (or Regulation D or Regulation S promulgated thereunder), or Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701. The recipients of the securities in each of these transactions represented their intentions to acquire the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof, and appropriate legends were placed upon the stock certificates issued in these transactions. All recipients had adequate access, through their relationships with us, to information about the Company.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None. 

Item 6. Exhibits

Unless otherwise noted, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference (as stated therein) as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

EXHIBIT INDEX

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

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